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It was the first nationally funded all-Native American IHC in the country.ĭick Dorn, Superintendent for the Texas Canyon IHC (1933-1942) was tasked by the Forest Service with developing the Texas Canyon IHC. The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) established the Bureau’s first IHC at Fort Apache Reservation in Arizona in March of 1982. They were called “Hotshot” crews because they worked on the hottest part of wildfires. Hotshot crews were first established in Southern California in the late 1940s on the Cleveland and Angeles National Forests.
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Well known native crews, include the Mescalero Red Hats, Taos Snowballs and the Texas Canyon Crews, all in service during the 1950’s. In 1955, several reservations in Montana and Idaho formed the Montana Indian Firefighters, and in 1957, the Bureau of Land Management formed crews using Native Americans and Alaskan Natives. In Arizona and New Mexico, 2,000 Southwest Indian forest firefighters became available. In the postwar era, Native American fire suppression crews sprang up across the Western States and Alaska. When veterans returned home from the Second World War, forest protection continued to be a valuable source of income and provided veterans a natural niche in which to apply their skills and energy. They also became trained experts in preventing, detecting, and fighting wildfires (Dejong 2004 Newell, Clow and Ellis 1986 Kimmer Kanawha 2001 Shaw 2005). Throughout the nine years the program was funded, 80,000 Native American and Alaskan Native workers built forest protection infrastructure, including roads, trails, telephone lines, lookout towers, and fire cabins. In order to protect the timber holdings of the tribes, the Indian Division of the Citizen Conservation Corps (ID-CCC) was created in 1933 as part of President’s Roosevelt’s plan to put people back to work during the Great Depression. The BIA soon followed suit and developed its Division of Forestry in 1910 with the goal that forests should be used to help tribes become self-supporting (Newell,Clow and Ellis 1986). The Forest Service was formed in 1905 to protect America’s timberlands. History of Tribal Fire Crews and Interagency Hotshot Crews
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